Why flowers have lost their scent: an interesting, disturbing article!

WHY FLOWERS HAVE LOST THEIR SCENT
By Geoffrey Lean
The Independent
April 20, 2008

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/why-flowers-have-lost-their-scent-812168.html

Pollution is dulling the scent of flowers and impeding some of the most
basic processes of nature, disrupting insect life and imperilling food
supplies, a new study suggests.

The potentially hugely significant research -- funded by the blue-chip US
National Science Foundation -- has found that gases mainly formed from the
emissions of car exhausts prevent flowers from attracting bees and other
insects in order to pollinate them. And the scientists who have conducted
the study fear that insects' ability to repel enemies and attract mates may
also be impeded.

The researchers -- at the University of Virginia -- say that pollution is
dramatically cutting the distance travelled by the scent of flowers.
Professor Jose Fuentes, who led the study, said: "Scent molecules produced
by flowers in a less polluted environment could travel for roughly 1,000 to
1,200 metres. But today they may travel only 200 to 300 metres. This makes
it increasingly difficult for bees and other insects to locate the flowers."

The researchers -- who worked on the scent given off by snapdragons -- found
that the molecules are volatile, and quickly bond with pollutants such as
ozone and nitrate radicals, mainly formed from vehicle emissions. This
chemically alters the molecules so that they no longer smell like flowers. A
vicious cycle is therefore set up where insects struggle to get enough food
and the plants do not get pollinated enough to proliferate.

Already bees -- which pollinate most of the world's crops -- are in
unprecedented decline in Britain and across much of the globe. At least a
quarter of America's 2.5 million honey bee colonies have been mysteriously
wiped out by colony collapse disorder (CCD), where hives are found suddenly
deserted.

The crisis has now spread to Europe. Politicians insist that CCD has not yet
been found in Britain, but the insects have been declining here too, and the
agriculture minister Lord Rooker has warned that "the honey bee population
could be wiped out in 10 years".

The researchers do not believe that they have found the cause of CCD, but
say that pollution is making life more difficult for bees and other insects
in many ways."